PRELIMINARY
Language is a communication tool that is inseparable from the meaning of every word that is the arbiter (arbitrary, capricious, inconstant, where the likes). This means that there is no necessary connection between the symbol of the language (tangible sound) with the concept or definition referred to by the symbol (Chaer, 2007: 45).
In connection with the "meaning" speaking in an activity that is a unified whole. The author tries to discuss the terms of semantics, semantic history and learn the benefits of semantics. For that formulated the problem as follows.
1) What is semantics?
2) How does the history of the development of semantics?
3) What the benefits studied semantics?
Making this paper aims to describe in general the existence of "semantic word" in the language that is used as a tool for communicating. In particular, it aims to:
1) Describe the semantic understanding.
2) Describe the historical development of semantics.
3) Describe the benefits obtained by studying semantics.
DISCUSSION
1.
Definition of Semantics
Semantics is derived Greek Sema
(noun) 'mark': or from the verb samaino 'mark', 'mean'. The term used by
linguists to describe parts of linguistics that studies the meaning. Semantics
(semantics) is the branch of linguistics that examines the meaning or
significance. Meaning that it is investigated by the semantic meaning of a
context-free. Meaning that there is no lexical and grammatical.
Types- Type Semantics
There are several types of semantics is known among other things:
• Semantics Behaviorist
The adherents of behaviourist has a general attitude: (1) adherent behaviorist view was not too sure of the terms that are mentalistic form of mind, concept and idea: (2) there is no essential difference between the behavior of humans and animals: (3) concerned learning factor and less convinced of the innate factors: and (4) the mechanism or determination.
Based on the sketch of meaning is in the range between stimulus and response, between stimulus and response. Meaning is determined by the situation, which means determined by the environment. Therefore, the meaning can be understood only if there is data that can be observed which are within the human experience.
• Descriptive Semantics
Semantics descriptive study shows the special semantic meanings are now in effect. The meaning of the word when the word first appeared. Not considered.
• Generative Semantics
These concepts are well known in this stream are: (1) the competence (competence), the ability or knowledge of a language that is understood that in the communication: (3) outdoor structures, namely the language elements in the form of words or phrases such as audible: and (4) the structure, the meaning of which is in the outer structure. This stream became popular with the advent of Chomsky's 1957 book which is then updated.
Generative semantic theory emerged in 1968 because of dissatisfaction against the opinion of the linguist Chomsky. In their opinion the semantic structure and syntactic structure is homogeneous. Not the same as the structure in semantic structure. To connect illustrated by the rules, namely the transformation. This theory came to the conclusion that the grammar consists of a structure in which contain nothing other than semantic structure and the outer structure which embodies both the structure of speech is associated with a process called transformation.
• Grammatical Semantics
Simentik grammatical semantics is the study that specifically examines the meaning of the sentence contained in the unit. Verhaar said grammatical semantics is much more difficult to analyze. To analyze the sentence is still sitting, sister had slept not only interpreted the words that constitute it. People should interpret the entire contents of the sentence as well as something that is behind that sentence. A word is bergesr meaning when placed or combined with other words.
• Lexical Semantics
Lexical semantics is the study simentik more satisfying on the discussion of system ayang meaning contained in words. Lexical semantics is not too difficult. A dictionary is a good example for Lexical Semantics: the meaning of each word described there. So, pay attention to the meaning of lexical semantics contained in the word sentence as a standalone unit.
• Historical Semantics
Historical semantics is the study examines the semantic meaning in the system timing circuit. This historical semantics studies emphasize the study of meaning in a span of time, not a change in the form of words. Changes in the form words more studied in linguistic hoistoris. The origins of the word became part etimilogi study. This compares semantics of words based on periods or between said at certain periods of the word in another language. For example in BI includes the word rice and in the Java language includes the word stingray. Phoneme / d / and / r / correspondence.
• Semantics Logic
Semantic logic is a branch of modern logic associated with the concepts and notation symbolic in language analysis semantic logic of reviewing the system of meaning that is seen from the logic that prevailed in mathematics mangacu to word the assessment of meaning or interpretation of doctrine, especially those formed in the logic system by Carnap called semantics.
In the logic semantics discussed the meaning proprsi distinguished by the sentence, because the different sentences in the same language can be just uttered in the same proportion. Instead, a sentence can be uttered in the proportion of two or more. The proportion may be completely wrong, and the symbol is referred to as a variable proportional in semantic logic.
• Structural Semantics
Structural semantics stems from the view of the structural linguist who pioneered by Saussure. Adherents structuralism argues that each language is a system, a relationship unique structure composed of units called structures. The structure was revealed in the elements in the form of phoneme, morpheme, word, phrase, clause, sentence, and discourse that divided it into the study of phonological, morphological, syntactic, and discourse.
example Semantics
Multiple Meanings (Meaningful lot)
One part of learning a language is to know the meaning of many words. Here are some examples of words with more than one meaning:
• Crash can mean auto accident, a drop in the Stock Market, to Attend a party without being invited, ocean waves hitting the shore or the sound of a cymbals being struck together.
• A child's alphabet blocks could be Described as a wooden cube, learning aid, toy or block.
• A flowering plant could be Referred to as a weed or a flower garden.
• Paying a child for chores may be Considered a Bribe or simply incentive.
• A human can be Referred to as a male, female, child, adult, baby, bachelor, father or mother.
2. History of Semantics
Aristosteles, as the Greek thinker who lived during 384-322 BC, was the first thinker who uses the term "meaning" through the definitions of words you think Aristosteles is "the smallest unit that / 'meaning'. In this case, Aristosteles also been revealed that the word meaning can be distinguished between the present meaning of the word itself autonomously, as well as the meaning of words that are present due to grammatical relations (Aminuddin, 2001: 15) even Plato (429-347 BC) in Aminuddin (2001) revealed that the language sounds that implicitly contains certain meanings. Only, indeed, at that time the boundary between etymology, the study of meaning, as well as study the meaning of the word, is not yet clear.
In 1925, a German national, C. Chr. Reisig (in Aminuddin, 2001: 16) suggests a new concept of grammar according to Reisig include three main elements, namely (1) semasiology, the science of signs, (2) syntax, the study of the sentence, and (3) etymology, the study of the origin -usul said with respect to changes in the shape or word. At this time, the semantics of the term itself has not been used even though a study of it has been implemented. That is why, this time by Aminuddin referred to as the first time he put the underground growth period.
The second period semantic growth has been marked by the presence of the work of Michel Breal (1883), a French national, through his article titled "Les Lois Inteilectuelles du Langage". At that time, although clearly Breal had mentioned semantics as the new field in science, he was just as Reisig, mesih call semantics as a purely historical science. In other words, study of semantics at that time have more to do with the elements than the language itself, for example, the shape change of meaning, the background changes the meaning, relationship changes meaning with logic, psychology and the other criteria. Breal classic work in the field of semantics in the late 19th century it was Essai de Semantique.
The third growth period growth in the study of meaning marked by the work of the Swedish philologist, namely Gustaf Stern, entitled Meaning and Change of Meaning, with Special referance to the Engllish Language (1931). Stern in the study, is already conducting a study empirically with opposite meanings from one language, namely English. Some twenty years before the arrival of Stern's work, in Jenawa has published a collection of lectures a language teacher who determine the direction of the next linguistic development, namely the book Cours de Linguistique Generale (1916), the work of Ferdinand de Sausure.
There are two new concepts were displayed Saussure and is a revolution in the field of theory and application of linguistic studies. These two concepts are (1) the linguistic basically linguistic studies that focus on the existence of the language at a certain time so that the studies carried out must use a synchronous approach or descriptive studies. While tenntang study of the history and development of a language is a historical study that uses diachronic approach, (2) language is a gestal or a totality that is supported by various elements, which elements to one another to experience interdependence in order to build its entirety. The second insight, on the other hand also became the ideological roots of structural linguistics.
People who are earnestly trying to adapt Saussure opinion within the semantic field is Trier's. One theory is professor of German Field Theory Meaning. With diadabtasikannya Saussure's theory in the field of semantics, then in the subsequent development of the study of semantics has the characteristics (1) although the semantics are still discussing the problem changing the meaning, views that are historically been abandoned because they study is descriptive, and (2) the structure of the vocabulary of attention in assessment so that the congress of linguists in Oslo (1957) and Cambridge (1962), the problem of "structural semantics" is a problem that is much talked about (Ullmann, 2009: 10).
3. The benefits of studying semantics
Studying these semantics depending on one's purpose to learn. For example, someone who is a journalist will differ purpose of studying the semantics when compared with the purpose of a student. Mahasiswapun still be distinguished purpose in studying semantics, since the purpose of a student of literature faculty will be different goal in studying the semantics when compared with the purpose of a student of Indonesian Language and Literature Education (Guidance and Counseling).
For the purpose of studying the semantics of a journalist is more practical just to know the meaning of words that will support the news will be conveyed to the reading public. Actually, it is more practical to read the dictionary, but by studying the semantics of journalists had gained insight to find the right words with meaning so that the news presented to the reading public easily understood (Pateda, 2010: 23).
A student of the faculty of arts at a university, the goal of semantic study more theoretical because with the theory he can analyze the semantics of a particular language may be examined.
A student of Indonesian Language and Literature Education (Guidance and Counseling) Another goal of semantic study. For him the purpose of studying the semantics was twofold. Is said to be double, because selalin theoretical nature, also is practical. Told largely theoretical because the basics of semantic theory, the prospective educator was easy to explain the meaning of a particular word to the learners. Said to be practical because of the knowledge of semantic theory will be able to facilitate his work as a language teacher later. Of course, knowledge of the language of science is not limited to the field of semantics, but the whole theory related to language.
A language teacher is also very necessary to learn the semantics. Besides must have extensive knowledge and skills concerning all aspects of language, must also have adequate knowledge of semantic theory. It is known that the intangible element of the language of words and sentences can be compared to the two-sided coin. That is, there is a form and there are also loads the form of so-called meaning. So the purpose of studying a language teacher semantics, ie to explain to the students, which forms semantically correct, and what is wrong. How to choose the -said that used to be accounted for in terms of semantics. It can also explain the homonym Which classified words and meanings Which have double meanings. Thus, the purpose of studying semantics, besides bersifta theoretically, also be practical. That is why it is desirable for teachers
language, in addition to having a book dealing with semantics, must also have taught the language dictionary.
The benefits of studying semantics for the layman, it is for ordinary people or for people most in general. His vast knowledge of the theory of semantics is not required. But the use of semantic foundations of course, still needed to be able to understand the world around him filled with traffic information and language. All information around him, and they also must absorb, take place through language, through lingual world. As human society is unlikely they could live without understanding the nature around them which takes place through language (Chaer, 2009: 13).
Types- Type Semantics
There are several types of semantics is known among other things:
• Semantics Behaviorist
The adherents of behaviourist has a general attitude: (1) adherent behaviorist view was not too sure of the terms that are mentalistic form of mind, concept and idea: (2) there is no essential difference between the behavior of humans and animals: (3) concerned learning factor and less convinced of the innate factors: and (4) the mechanism or determination.
Based on the sketch of meaning is in the range between stimulus and response, between stimulus and response. Meaning is determined by the situation, which means determined by the environment. Therefore, the meaning can be understood only if there is data that can be observed which are within the human experience.
• Descriptive Semantics
Semantics descriptive study shows the special semantic meanings are now in effect. The meaning of the word when the word first appeared. Not considered.
• Generative Semantics
These concepts are well known in this stream are: (1) the competence (competence), the ability or knowledge of a language that is understood that in the communication: (3) outdoor structures, namely the language elements in the form of words or phrases such as audible: and (4) the structure, the meaning of which is in the outer structure. This stream became popular with the advent of Chomsky's 1957 book which is then updated.
Generative semantic theory emerged in 1968 because of dissatisfaction against the opinion of the linguist Chomsky. In their opinion the semantic structure and syntactic structure is homogeneous. Not the same as the structure in semantic structure. To connect illustrated by the rules, namely the transformation. This theory came to the conclusion that the grammar consists of a structure in which contain nothing other than semantic structure and the outer structure which embodies both the structure of speech is associated with a process called transformation.
• Grammatical Semantics
Simentik grammatical semantics is the study that specifically examines the meaning of the sentence contained in the unit. Verhaar said grammatical semantics is much more difficult to analyze. To analyze the sentence is still sitting, sister had slept not only interpreted the words that constitute it. People should interpret the entire contents of the sentence as well as something that is behind that sentence. A word is bergesr meaning when placed or combined with other words.
• Lexical Semantics
Lexical semantics is the study simentik more satisfying on the discussion of system ayang meaning contained in words. Lexical semantics is not too difficult. A dictionary is a good example for Lexical Semantics: the meaning of each word described there. So, pay attention to the meaning of lexical semantics contained in the word sentence as a standalone unit.
• Historical Semantics
Historical semantics is the study examines the semantic meaning in the system timing circuit. This historical semantics studies emphasize the study of meaning in a span of time, not a change in the form of words. Changes in the form words more studied in linguistic hoistoris. The origins of the word became part etimilogi study. This compares semantics of words based on periods or between said at certain periods of the word in another language. For example in BI includes the word rice and in the Java language includes the word stingray. Phoneme / d / and / r / correspondence.
• Semantics Logic
Semantic logic is a branch of modern logic associated with the concepts and notation symbolic in language analysis semantic logic of reviewing the system of meaning that is seen from the logic that prevailed in mathematics mangacu to word the assessment of meaning or interpretation of doctrine, especially those formed in the logic system by Carnap called semantics.
In the logic semantics discussed the meaning proprsi distinguished by the sentence, because the different sentences in the same language can be just uttered in the same proportion. Instead, a sentence can be uttered in the proportion of two or more. The proportion may be completely wrong, and the symbol is referred to as a variable proportional in semantic logic.
• Structural Semantics
Structural semantics stems from the view of the structural linguist who pioneered by Saussure. Adherents structuralism argues that each language is a system, a relationship unique structure composed of units called structures. The structure was revealed in the elements in the form of phoneme, morpheme, word, phrase, clause, sentence, and discourse that divided it into the study of phonological, morphological, syntactic, and discourse.
example Semantics
Multiple Meanings (Meaningful lot)
One part of learning a language is to know the meaning of many words. Here are some examples of words with more than one meaning:
• Crash can mean auto accident, a drop in the Stock Market, to Attend a party without being invited, ocean waves hitting the shore or the sound of a cymbals being struck together.
• A child's alphabet blocks could be Described as a wooden cube, learning aid, toy or block.
• A flowering plant could be Referred to as a weed or a flower garden.
• Paying a child for chores may be Considered a Bribe or simply incentive.
• A human can be Referred to as a male, female, child, adult, baby, bachelor, father or mother.
2. History of Semantics
Aristosteles, as the Greek thinker who lived during 384-322 BC, was the first thinker who uses the term "meaning" through the definitions of words you think Aristosteles is "the smallest unit that / 'meaning'. In this case, Aristosteles also been revealed that the word meaning can be distinguished between the present meaning of the word itself autonomously, as well as the meaning of words that are present due to grammatical relations (Aminuddin, 2001: 15) even Plato (429-347 BC) in Aminuddin (2001) revealed that the language sounds that implicitly contains certain meanings. Only, indeed, at that time the boundary between etymology, the study of meaning, as well as study the meaning of the word, is not yet clear.
In 1925, a German national, C. Chr. Reisig (in Aminuddin, 2001: 16) suggests a new concept of grammar according to Reisig include three main elements, namely (1) semasiology, the science of signs, (2) syntax, the study of the sentence, and (3) etymology, the study of the origin -usul said with respect to changes in the shape or word. At this time, the semantics of the term itself has not been used even though a study of it has been implemented. That is why, this time by Aminuddin referred to as the first time he put the underground growth period.
The second period semantic growth has been marked by the presence of the work of Michel Breal (1883), a French national, through his article titled "Les Lois Inteilectuelles du Langage". At that time, although clearly Breal had mentioned semantics as the new field in science, he was just as Reisig, mesih call semantics as a purely historical science. In other words, study of semantics at that time have more to do with the elements than the language itself, for example, the shape change of meaning, the background changes the meaning, relationship changes meaning with logic, psychology and the other criteria. Breal classic work in the field of semantics in the late 19th century it was Essai de Semantique.
The third growth period growth in the study of meaning marked by the work of the Swedish philologist, namely Gustaf Stern, entitled Meaning and Change of Meaning, with Special referance to the Engllish Language (1931). Stern in the study, is already conducting a study empirically with opposite meanings from one language, namely English. Some twenty years before the arrival of Stern's work, in Jenawa has published a collection of lectures a language teacher who determine the direction of the next linguistic development, namely the book Cours de Linguistique Generale (1916), the work of Ferdinand de Sausure.
There are two new concepts were displayed Saussure and is a revolution in the field of theory and application of linguistic studies. These two concepts are (1) the linguistic basically linguistic studies that focus on the existence of the language at a certain time so that the studies carried out must use a synchronous approach or descriptive studies. While tenntang study of the history and development of a language is a historical study that uses diachronic approach, (2) language is a gestal or a totality that is supported by various elements, which elements to one another to experience interdependence in order to build its entirety. The second insight, on the other hand also became the ideological roots of structural linguistics.
People who are earnestly trying to adapt Saussure opinion within the semantic field is Trier's. One theory is professor of German Field Theory Meaning. With diadabtasikannya Saussure's theory in the field of semantics, then in the subsequent development of the study of semantics has the characteristics (1) although the semantics are still discussing the problem changing the meaning, views that are historically been abandoned because they study is descriptive, and (2) the structure of the vocabulary of attention in assessment so that the congress of linguists in Oslo (1957) and Cambridge (1962), the problem of "structural semantics" is a problem that is much talked about (Ullmann, 2009: 10).
3. The benefits of studying semantics
Studying these semantics depending on one's purpose to learn. For example, someone who is a journalist will differ purpose of studying the semantics when compared with the purpose of a student. Mahasiswapun still be distinguished purpose in studying semantics, since the purpose of a student of literature faculty will be different goal in studying the semantics when compared with the purpose of a student of Indonesian Language and Literature Education (Guidance and Counseling).
For the purpose of studying the semantics of a journalist is more practical just to know the meaning of words that will support the news will be conveyed to the reading public. Actually, it is more practical to read the dictionary, but by studying the semantics of journalists had gained insight to find the right words with meaning so that the news presented to the reading public easily understood (Pateda, 2010: 23).
A student of the faculty of arts at a university, the goal of semantic study more theoretical because with the theory he can analyze the semantics of a particular language may be examined.
A student of Indonesian Language and Literature Education (Guidance and Counseling) Another goal of semantic study. For him the purpose of studying the semantics was twofold. Is said to be double, because selalin theoretical nature, also is practical. Told largely theoretical because the basics of semantic theory, the prospective educator was easy to explain the meaning of a particular word to the learners. Said to be practical because of the knowledge of semantic theory will be able to facilitate his work as a language teacher later. Of course, knowledge of the language of science is not limited to the field of semantics, but the whole theory related to language.
A language teacher is also very necessary to learn the semantics. Besides must have extensive knowledge and skills concerning all aspects of language, must also have adequate knowledge of semantic theory. It is known that the intangible element of the language of words and sentences can be compared to the two-sided coin. That is, there is a form and there are also loads the form of so-called meaning. So the purpose of studying a language teacher semantics, ie to explain to the students, which forms semantically correct, and what is wrong. How to choose the -said that used to be accounted for in terms of semantics. It can also explain the homonym Which classified words and meanings Which have double meanings. Thus, the purpose of studying semantics, besides bersifta theoretically, also be practical. That is why it is desirable for teachers
language, in addition to having a book dealing with semantics, must also have taught the language dictionary.
The benefits of studying semantics for the layman, it is for ordinary people or for people most in general. His vast knowledge of the theory of semantics is not required. But the use of semantic foundations of course, still needed to be able to understand the world around him filled with traffic information and language. All information around him, and they also must absorb, take place through language, through lingual world. As human society is unlikely they could live without understanding the nature around them which takes place through language (Chaer, 2009: 13).
CONCLUSION
Semantics is the link language with the outside world, in accordance with the agreement of the wearer so that mutually intelligible, as human society we can not escape from the language as a communication tool and without the 'meaning' of the language in the form of such utterances will not mean at all. Semantics studied with the aim that the language that we convey to others can be well received, A in the study of semantics has different objectives according to the needs of people who study it. Although for the layman semantic theory is not necessary, but the use of the semantic foundations of course, still needed to be able to understand the world around him filled with traffic information and language.
All of the information that surrounds humans as social beings should they take in through language, through lingual world. As human society is unlikely they could live without understanding the nature around them which takes place through language. The language contains information that is rich in meaning. As described in the discussion of "language without meaning will not be considered important". Nevertheless information submitted should also be logical, to have harmonious relations and unity of ideas.
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