INFINITIVE PHRASE

INFINITIVE PHRASE

An infinitive phrase will begin with an infinitive [to + simple form of the verb]. It will include objects and/or modifiers. Here are some examples:

• To hit the mosquito
• To past the national examination
• To make the situation better
• He helped to bring those things.
• My neighbour returned to help us when we moved.
• Show me the best way to love unselfishly.
• They tell you to sing your favourite song.
• I love to dance with my friends.
• He likes to visit me in Bandung.
• My mother permits me to watch Tulus Concert.
• Tiara thinks again to decide the best way for her work.
• Joni brings some food to have a barbeque party at my house.

Infinitive Phrase Digunakan Sebagai Benda (Noun)

• He writes to inform the other members that the practice is rescheduled.
• We visit to see her last condition after the plastic surgery.
• Toro and Kris beg to get attention from their father.
• Samantha goes back to take her books left at school.
• Benki try to be calm and friendly to other people in his environment.

Infinitive Phrase Digunakan Sebagai Kata Sifat (Adjective)

• We show them the best way to count quickly.
• I need you to accompany me here because the lamp goes off.
• Yuni bought some candles to light up the room.
• Heni is a given a chance to apply scholarship abroad.
• My sister and I cook some soup to welcome our big brother from United States of America today.

Infinitive Phrases Digunakan Sebagai Adverbs

·         My friends returned to help me

·         He goes to Jakarta to look for a job

·         I put away the book left on the floor to make it tidy

·         Fifi camee early this morning to check the data

Modal auxiliary

A modal verb (also modal, modal auxiliary verb, or modal auxiliary) is a type of verb that is used to indicate modality – that is, likelihood, ability, permission, and obligation.^[1] Examples include the English verbs can/could, may/might, must, will/would, and shall/should

. Beberapa Fungsi dan Contoh Kalimat Modal Auxiliary Verb

Fungsi	Contoh Kalimat Modal Auxiliary Verb
Can
Can digunakan untuk menyatakan ability (kemampuan)	You can buy anything with your money but you can not buy love. (Kamu dapat membeli apapun dengan uangmu tapi kamu tidak dapat membeli cinta)
Modal verb ini dapat digunakan untuk meminta izin (permission)	Can I borrow your car for one night? (Bisakah saya meminjam mobilmu selama satu malam?)
Could
Could digunakan untuk menyatakan ability (kemampuan) dimasa lalu (past).	You could run faster than me two years ago. (Kamu dapat berlari lebih cepat dari saya dua tahun lalu.)
Modal verb ini dapat digunakan untuk meminta izin (permission) untuk melakukan sesuatu dimasa lalu (past) atau masa depan (future).	Could I use your computer to print and scan? (Bolehkah saya memakai komputermu untuk print dan scan?)
May
May untuk menyatakan possibility (kemungkinan) dimasa sekarang (present) dan masa depan (future).	He may work out and consume healthy food every day. (Dia mungkin berlatih dan mengonsumsi makanan sehat setiap hari.)
	You may forget the embarassing incident tomorrow. (Kamu mungkin melupakan insiden memalukan itu besok.)
Modal verb ini untuk meminta izin (permission) yang lebih formal daripada modal verb can.	May I go home now? (Bolehkah saya pulang sekarang?)
Might
Sama seperti may, modal verb ini digunakan untuk menyatakan possibility (kemungkinan) dimasa sekarang (present) dan masa depan (future)[1]. Might dapat ditambahkan primary auxiliary verb have untuk menyatakan probability dimasa lalu (past). Modal verb ini digunakan untuk menyatakan hypothetical situation yang terbukti tidak terjadi[2], lain halnya dengan may yang belum terbukti[3].	You might forget the embarassing accident tomorrow.[1]
	The doctor might have warned you not to eat red meat.[2] (Dikatakan setelah diketahui fakta: The doctor has not warned–Dokter belum melarang.)
	The doctor may have warned you not to eat red meat.[3] (Faktanya: belum diketahui)
Might merupakan bentuk past dari may dimana digunakan untuk meminta izin (permission) yang lebih formal daripada modal verb could. Dibanding may, Might lebih tentatif (tidak pasti) kejadiannya.	If I have cleaned the room, might I play with my friend? (Jika saya sudah membersihkan ruangan, bolehkah saya main dengan teman?)
Will
Will untuk menyatakan willingness (kemauan). Willingness dapat diungkapkan dalam conditional sentence type 1 maupun invitation (undangan/ajakan).	I will help you if you help yourself first. (Saya akan membantumu jika kamu membantu dirimu sendiri dulu.)
	Will you marry me? (Maukah kamu menikah dengan saya?)
Modal verb ini untuk membuat keputusan secara spontan/tanpa rencana (simple future tense).	I’ll give you a glass of water. (Saya akan memberimu segelas air.)
	I think I’ll change my appearance. (Saya pikir saya akan merubah penampilan.)
Will untuk membuat prediksi.	The sandstorm will come tonight. (Badai pasir akan datang nanti malam.)
Would
Sama seperti will, modal verb ini dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan willingness (kemauan), namun lebih polite (sopan).	Would you like to see my craft? (Maukah kamu melihat kerajinan tanganku?)
Modal verb ini menyatakan sense of probability (kemungkinan).	He would be free tonight. (Dia akan kosong nanti malam.)
Would dipadukan dengan auxiliary have untuk membentuk conditional sentence type 3. Would disini untuk menyatakan tindakan yang ingin dilakukan dimasa lalu.	If you had remembered to invite me, I would have attended your party. (Jika kamu ingat mengundang saya, saya menghadiri pestamu.)
Shall
Shall [British English][1] digunakan untuk menyatakan simple future seperti halnya will namun hanya digunakan pada first person (orang pertama) I dan we. Shall [US English][2] jarang digunakan selain untuk polite question untuk first person.	We shall overcome it someday.[1] (Kita akan mengatasinya suatu hari nanti.)
	Shall we pay a call him?[2] (Haruskah kita menjenguknya?)
	Shall I give you some advice?[2] (Haruskah saya memberimu beberapa nasehat?)
Modal verb ini untuk menyatakan obligation (kewajiban) pada formal situation (yang dapat berupa legal document maupun pada saat meeting. Pada situasi ini, baik second maupun third person dapat digunakan dengan modal verb ini.	The Human Resource manager shall report the employee performance. (HR manager harus melaporkan performansi karyawan.)
Should
Should untuk memberi suggestion (saran) atau advice (nasehat).	You should see the doctor. (Kamu harus ke dokter.)
	We should meet more often. (Kita harus bertemu lebih sering.)
Must
Must dipadukan dengan not untuk menyatakan prohibition (larangan)	You mustn’t give up. (Kamu tidak boleh menyerah.)
Modal verb ini mengekspresikan obligation (kewajiban) atau necessity (kebutuhan).	We must go to bed now. (Kita harus tidur sekarang.)
Ought to
Ought to digunakan untuk menyatakan apa yang benar atau tepat	I ought to wear high quality running shoes. (Saya harus menggunakan sepatu lari berkualitas tinggi.)
	We ought to select the best candidate for the job. (Kita harus memilih kandidat terbaik untuk pekerjaan tsb.)

Absolute contruction

in linguistics, an absolute construction is a grammatical construction standing apart from a normal or usual syntactical relation with other words or sentence elements. It can be a non-finite clause that is subordinate in form and modifies an entire sentence, an adjective or possessive pronoun standing alone without a modified substantive, or a transitive verb when its object is implied but not stated.^[1][2][3][4] The term absolute derives from Latin absolūtum, meaning "loosened from" or "separated".

^] 1. waktu: day finally breaking, we resumed our long automobile trip across the country.
Kesempatan hari terakhir kami melanjutkan perjalanan berkeliling negara dengan mobil.
2. Sebab: with his wife sick in the hospital, he is taking cake of the children alone.
Dengan istrinya sakit dirumah sakit, ia merawat anaknya sendiri.
3. Keadaan: a riot once began, our small police force will be unable to handle it.
Pertama mulai kerusuhan, kekuatan polisi kecil kami tidak akan dapat mencegahnya.

While the absolute construction is not particularly common in modern English and is generally more often seen in writing than in speech, it may be spoken as one of several fixed expressions:^[4]

• Barring bad weather, we plan to go to the beach tomorrow.
• All things considered, it's not a bad idea.

Example Usages:

Being a word, phrase, or construction that is isolated syntactically from the rest of a sentence:

·         “this being the case, let us go”^[1]

·         "The referee having finally arrived, the game began."^[2]'

Being an adjective or pronoun that stands alone when the noun it modifies is being implied but not stated.

·         "Theirs were the best."^[2]

·         “help the blind”^[1]

·         “your work and ours"^[1]'

Being a transitive verb when its object is implied but not stated:

·         We have a teacher who inspires.^[2]

·         “if looks could kill”^[1]'