INFINITIVE PHRASE

INFINITIVE PHRASE

An infinitive phrase will begin with an infinitive [to + simple form of the verb]. It will include objects and/or modifiers. Here are some examples:

• To hit the mosquito
• To past the national examination
• To make the situation better
• He helped to bring those things.
• My neighbour returned to help us when we moved.
• Show me the best way to love unselfishly.
• They tell you to sing your favourite song.
• I love to dance with my friends.
• He likes to visit me in Bandung.
• My mother permits me to watch Tulus Concert.
• Tiara thinks again to decide the best way for her work.
• Joni brings some food to have a barbeque party at my house.

Infinitive Phrase Digunakan Sebagai Benda (Noun)

• He writes to inform the other members that the practice is rescheduled.
• We visit to see her last condition after the plastic surgery.
• Toro and Kris beg to get attention from their father.
• Samantha goes back to take her books left at school.
• Benki try to be calm and friendly to other people in his environment.

Infinitive Phrase Digunakan Sebagai Kata Sifat (Adjective)

• We show them the best way to count quickly.
• I need you to accompany me here because the lamp goes off.
• Yuni bought some candles to light up the room.
• Heni is a given a chance to apply scholarship abroad.
• My sister and I cook some soup to welcome our big brother from United States of America today.

Infinitive Phrases Digunakan Sebagai Adverbs

·         My friends returned to help me

·         He goes to Jakarta to look for a job

·         I put away the book left on the floor to make it tidy

·         Fifi camee early this morning to check the data

Modal auxiliary

A modal verb (also modal, modal auxiliary verb, or modal auxiliary) is a type of verb that is used to indicate modality – that is, likelihood, ability, permission, and obligation.^[1] Examples include the English verbs can/could, may/might, must, will/would, and shall/should

. Beberapa Fungsi dan Contoh Kalimat Modal Auxiliary Verb

Fungsi	Contoh Kalimat Modal Auxiliary Verb
Can
Can digunakan untuk menyatakan ability (kemampuan)	You can buy anything with your money but you can not buy love. (Kamu dapat membeli apapun dengan uangmu tapi kamu tidak dapat membeli cinta)
Modal verb ini dapat digunakan untuk meminta izin (permission)	Can I borrow your car for one night? (Bisakah saya meminjam mobilmu selama satu malam?)
Could
Could digunakan untuk menyatakan ability (kemampuan) dimasa lalu (past).	You could run faster than me two years ago. (Kamu dapat berlari lebih cepat dari saya dua tahun lalu.)
Modal verb ini dapat digunakan untuk meminta izin (permission) untuk melakukan sesuatu dimasa lalu (past) atau masa depan (future).	Could I use your computer to print and scan? (Bolehkah saya memakai komputermu untuk print dan scan?)
May
May untuk menyatakan possibility (kemungkinan) dimasa sekarang (present) dan masa depan (future).	He may work out and consume healthy food every day. (Dia mungkin berlatih dan mengonsumsi makanan sehat setiap hari.)
	You may forget the embarassing incident tomorrow. (Kamu mungkin melupakan insiden memalukan itu besok.)
Modal verb ini untuk meminta izin (permission) yang lebih formal daripada modal verb can.	May I go home now? (Bolehkah saya pulang sekarang?)
Might
Sama seperti may, modal verb ini digunakan untuk menyatakan possibility (kemungkinan) dimasa sekarang (present) dan masa depan (future)[1]. Might dapat ditambahkan primary auxiliary verb have untuk menyatakan probability dimasa lalu (past). Modal verb ini digunakan untuk menyatakan hypothetical situation yang terbukti tidak terjadi[2], lain halnya dengan may yang belum terbukti[3].	You might forget the embarassing accident tomorrow.[1]
	The doctor might have warned you not to eat red meat.[2] (Dikatakan setelah diketahui fakta: The doctor has not warned–Dokter belum melarang.)
	The doctor may have warned you not to eat red meat.[3] (Faktanya: belum diketahui)
Might merupakan bentuk past dari may dimana digunakan untuk meminta izin (permission) yang lebih formal daripada modal verb could. Dibanding may, Might lebih tentatif (tidak pasti) kejadiannya.	If I have cleaned the room, might I play with my friend? (Jika saya sudah membersihkan ruangan, bolehkah saya main dengan teman?)
Will
Will untuk menyatakan willingness (kemauan). Willingness dapat diungkapkan dalam conditional sentence type 1 maupun invitation (undangan/ajakan).	I will help you if you help yourself first. (Saya akan membantumu jika kamu membantu dirimu sendiri dulu.)
	Will you marry me? (Maukah kamu menikah dengan saya?)
Modal verb ini untuk membuat keputusan secara spontan/tanpa rencana (simple future tense).	I’ll give you a glass of water. (Saya akan memberimu segelas air.)
	I think I’ll change my appearance. (Saya pikir saya akan merubah penampilan.)
Will untuk membuat prediksi.	The sandstorm will come tonight. (Badai pasir akan datang nanti malam.)
Would
Sama seperti will, modal verb ini dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan willingness (kemauan), namun lebih polite (sopan).	Would you like to see my craft? (Maukah kamu melihat kerajinan tanganku?)
Modal verb ini menyatakan sense of probability (kemungkinan).	He would be free tonight. (Dia akan kosong nanti malam.)
Would dipadukan dengan auxiliary have untuk membentuk conditional sentence type 3. Would disini untuk menyatakan tindakan yang ingin dilakukan dimasa lalu.	If you had remembered to invite me, I would have attended your party. (Jika kamu ingat mengundang saya, saya menghadiri pestamu.)
Shall
Shall [British English][1] digunakan untuk menyatakan simple future seperti halnya will namun hanya digunakan pada first person (orang pertama) I dan we. Shall [US English][2] jarang digunakan selain untuk polite question untuk first person.	We shall overcome it someday.[1] (Kita akan mengatasinya suatu hari nanti.)
	Shall we pay a call him?[2] (Haruskah kita menjenguknya?)
	Shall I give you some advice?[2] (Haruskah saya memberimu beberapa nasehat?)
Modal verb ini untuk menyatakan obligation (kewajiban) pada formal situation (yang dapat berupa legal document maupun pada saat meeting. Pada situasi ini, baik second maupun third person dapat digunakan dengan modal verb ini.	The Human Resource manager shall report the employee performance. (HR manager harus melaporkan performansi karyawan.)
Should
Should untuk memberi suggestion (saran) atau advice (nasehat).	You should see the doctor. (Kamu harus ke dokter.)
	We should meet more often. (Kita harus bertemu lebih sering.)
Must
Must dipadukan dengan not untuk menyatakan prohibition (larangan)	You mustn’t give up. (Kamu tidak boleh menyerah.)
Modal verb ini mengekspresikan obligation (kewajiban) atau necessity (kebutuhan).	We must go to bed now. (Kita harus tidur sekarang.)
Ought to
Ought to digunakan untuk menyatakan apa yang benar atau tepat	I ought to wear high quality running shoes. (Saya harus menggunakan sepatu lari berkualitas tinggi.)
	We ought to select the best candidate for the job. (Kita harus memilih kandidat terbaik untuk pekerjaan tsb.)

Absolute contruction

in linguistics, an absolute construction is a grammatical construction standing apart from a normal or usual syntactical relation with other words or sentence elements. It can be a non-finite clause that is subordinate in form and modifies an entire sentence, an adjective or possessive pronoun standing alone without a modified substantive, or a transitive verb when its object is implied but not stated.^[1][2][3][4] The term absolute derives from Latin absolūtum, meaning "loosened from" or "separated".

^] 1. waktu: day finally breaking, we resumed our long automobile trip across the country.
Kesempatan hari terakhir kami melanjutkan perjalanan berkeliling negara dengan mobil.
2. Sebab: with his wife sick in the hospital, he is taking cake of the children alone.
Dengan istrinya sakit dirumah sakit, ia merawat anaknya sendiri.
3. Keadaan: a riot once began, our small police force will be unable to handle it.
Pertama mulai kerusuhan, kekuatan polisi kecil kami tidak akan dapat mencegahnya.

While the absolute construction is not particularly common in modern English and is generally more often seen in writing than in speech, it may be spoken as one of several fixed expressions:^[4]

• Barring bad weather, we plan to go to the beach tomorrow.
• All things considered, it's not a bad idea.

Example Usages:

Being a word, phrase, or construction that is isolated syntactically from the rest of a sentence:

·         “this being the case, let us go”^[1]

·         "The referee having finally arrived, the game began."^[2]'

Being an adjective or pronoun that stands alone when the noun it modifies is being implied but not stated.

·         "Theirs were the best."^[2]

·         “help the blind”^[1]

·         “your work and ours"^[1]'

Being a transitive verb when its object is implied but not stated:

·         We have a teacher who inspires.^[2]

·         “if looks could kill”^[1]'

Speech

A.Definition of Speech

Speech is an activity of public speaking or giving speeches to express their opinions, or to give an idea about something. Speech is usually performed by a person who gives speeches and statements about things / events that are important and should be discussed.

B. Speech function

• Facilitate communication between supervisors and subordinates.
• Facilitate communication among members of the organization.
• Creating a conducive situation in which only need one person who gave speeches / speech.
• facilitate communication.

C.Types of speech

1. Speech Impromtu
            Impromptu speech is the speech delivered without preparation of the person who will make a speech. For example, when you come to a party, and you are asked to give a speech, the speech you gave without any prior preparation is called impromtu speech. For those who are used to making speeches,

impromtu speech has several advantages, including the
 (1) impromtu be able to express feelings of the actual speaker, because the speaker does not think of first opinions submitted,
(2) ideas and his opinions came spontaneously, so it looks fresh and lively,
 (3) impromtu lets you keep thinking.
        

    However, impromtu had several drawbacks, especially for the speaker or someone who is unfamiliar speech. These weaknesses are, among others impromtu

(1) impromtu may lead to conclusions that raw because of inadequate knowledge base,
(2) impromtu resulted in the delivery of stuttering and non-current,
(3) The ideas presented biased "disheveled" and inconsequential,
(4) due to lack of preparation, the possibility of "stage fright" immense.




2. Speech Manuscript
         Speech manuscript type is also often called speech to text. People who make a speech read out the speech from beginning to end.   Speech manuscript type is required by national leaders and scientists in reporting results of research done. They should talk or speech with caution, because the usage error word or phrase could be wider consequences and negative consequences.

Advantages include the manuscript speech
(1) the words can be selected as well as possible so as to convey the exact meaning and explicit statement,
(2) the statement can be saved, because the manuscript can be rearranged,
(3) Fluency speech can be achieved, because the words are already prepared,
 (4) things that are inconsequential or breaches can be avoided,
(5) The manuscript can be published or reproduced.
            But judging from the communication process,
This manuscript speech shortage will be more severe, among which are
(1) communication listener will be reduced because the speaker does not speak directly to them,
(2) the speaker can not see the audience very well, so it will loss of motion and rigid,
(3) The feedback from the listener can not change, shorten or lengthen the message,
 (4) preparation for longer than just set up a broad outline only.

3. Speech Memoriter
            This type of speech is also often referred to as a rote speech. Speaker or the person who will make a speech to write all messages to be delivered in a script and then memorized and delivered to an audience word-for-word by rote. Memoriter speeches often become unable to work properly if the speaker forget the part to be delivered, and in this speech the relationship between the speaker and the audience is also not good.
     

   Disadvantages speech by rote:
1.if we memorize deviated from the talks can be confusing
2. if he can not remember exactly the contents of the speech, it would seem stiff

advantages
1. give attention of the listener
 2. can prepare a speech topics
3. train memory

4. Speech Ekstemporer
            Speech ekstemporer This is the kind of speech that is best and most widely used by the speech interpreter that has been advanced. In this type of speech, the speaker is just preparing the outline (out-line) only. In the presentation, the speaker does not remember word for word but the speaker freely express his ideas with signs outline the problems that have been prepared. Communication that occurs between the speaker and the audience can take place better. Speaker can directly respond to what is happening in front of him in accordance with the circumstances he faced.
            For those who have not advanced speaker speech, speech ekstempore types have several drawbacks.

The weaknesses include:

the preparation is less good when made in a hurry, the choice of languages ​​ugly, fluency is hampered due to shortage of choosing his words immediately, the possibility to deviate from the outline of the speech (out-line), it certainly can not be used as publishing. However, these shortcomings can be overcome with a lot of exercises speech.
Advantages :
1. The material disclosed in a systematic and complete
2. The words can express
 3. The attention of the listener
4. creating an atmosphere of effective
5. looks good in speech

Things that should be considered when giving a speech:
- APPEARANCE: The first time we got into the stage to read a speech us, it helps us maintain the neatness, the freshness, the beauty of our appearance that everyone likes to see us and be encouraging to see us. And the thing to do is when we smile sincerely in the audience when we entered the stage.

-Speech Content: Content speech must be prepared in advance before we perform, note designations, not too short, not too long, not too off-topic too.

-Vocal: Vocals when we give the speech is the most must be taken into consideration in this case, because we bring the atmosphere with our vocal as well, not too slowly, as this will cause the audience bored and not the spirit, not as if he wanted a solemn but apparently not in place, speech with sound spirit, assertive, loud as it will bring the audience into more spirit too !!

-facial expression: facial expression was also important, if we just try to put a face too serious and tense, certainly the audience will also feel tense, on the contrary, attach a bright face, smiling face, friendly, emphatic, memorable, and make everyone's attention attracted to you.

Most important of all it is an exercise, if we feel we are ready when we go forward, and feel we can and do without exercise it is the wrong thing, because that way because we are not trained, then the time ahead, what in our hearts and what we do not necessarily appropriate, because it is necessary to adjust the exercise hearts and what we do. Expand to ask the opinion of people to be honest, if there are people who say you are good, but you still feel something is missing, tell me again in person to tell the truth, it could be people who gived  nice comment to you that just want to please yourself, just tell that person, if that person is not telling the truth, then he wants to destroy your event with the number of your mistakes. We can also practice in front of a mirror to train a good mimic, trained voices or vocal us. When we make a speech, make sure it is in good order, check repeatedly to find what you're feeling less fitting, off-topic, too long, too short, and others. And do not forget to always pay attention to other people's speeches are much nicer and more senior than us, because they can be a lesson to you to make it better. Remember that we have to learn this, but keep in mind, too, that we should take a good, discard the bad, and do better.